The first 5 full-length studies shown below used the Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner and co-authored by at least one in-house Pharmanex scientist:

1. Wood SM, Mastaloudis AF, Hester SN, Gray R, Kern D, Namkoong J, Draelos ZD. Protective effects of a novel nutritional and phytonutrient blend on ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage and inflammatory response through aging defense mechanisms. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2017 Dec;16(4):491-499. Epub 2016 Nov 24. Full-length article available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jocd.12295/epdf

2. Zidichouski JA, Mastaloudis A, Poole SJ, Reading JC, Smidt CR. Clinical validation of a noninvasive, Raman spectroscopic method to assess carotenoid nutritional status in humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Dec;28(6):687-93. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20516269

3. Bergeson SD, Peatross JB, Eyring NJ, Fralick JF, Stevenson DN, Ferguson SB. Resonance Raman measurements of carotenoids using light-emitting diodes. J Biomed Opt. 2008 JulAug;13(4):044026. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021353 Updated Apr 2018

4. Li CL, Bi SX, Zhu JS, Zhu ZG. New functions of carotenoids and clinical assessments. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;6:261-264. [Article in Chinese] No online abstract available.

5. Li CL, Bi SX, Poole S, Smidt C, Zhu JS. Human Skin Carotenoids in 88,611 subjects measured by Biophotonic Scanner. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2006;15(2):124-125. [Article in Chinese] No online abstract available. One review paper authored by Pharmanex scientists published as a full-length article:

One review paper authored by Pharmanex scientists published as a full-length article:

6. Smidt, C.R., Burke, D.S. Nutritional Significance and Measurement of Carotenoids. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research. 2004, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 79-91. Review. Abstract at: http://www.nchpjournals.com/journals/manuscript.php?msid=490#2

The following publications are full-length studies conducted by third party research groups. Each of the studies used the Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner to measure skin carotenoids. Full-length versions can be purchased at the PubMed links provided below (abstracts available free of charge):

7. Li DG, LeCompte G, Golod L, Cecchi G, Irwin D, Harken A, Matecki A. Dermal carotenoid measurement is inversely related to anxiety in patients with breast cancer. J Investig Med. 2017 Sep 18. Abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28923881

8. Wengreen HJ, Nix E, Madden GJ. The effect of social norms messaging regarding skin carotenoid concentrations among college students. Appetite. 2017 Sep 1;116:39-44. Abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28455259

9. Nix E, Wengreen HJ. Social approval bias in self-reported fruit and vegetable intake after presentation of a normative message in college students. Appetite. 2017 Sep 1;116:552-558. Abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28572071

10. Joyner D, Wengreen HJ, Aguilar SS, Spruance LA, Morrill BA, Madden GJ. The FIT Game III: Reducing the Operating Expenses of a Game-Based Approach to Increasing Healthy Eating in Elementary Schools. Games Health J. 2017 Apr;6(2):111-118. Full-length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5397199/

11. Spees CK, Hill EB, Grainger EM, Buell JL, White SE, Kleinhenz MD, Clinton SK. Feasibility, Preliminary Efficacy, and Lessons Learned From a Garden-Based Lifestyle Intervention for Cancer Survivors. Cancer Control. 2016 Jul;23(3):302-10. Full-length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097863/

12. Morrill BA, Madden GJ, Wengreen HJ, Fargo JD, Aguilar SS. A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Food Dudes Program: Tangible Rewards are More Effective Than Social Rewards for Updated Apr 2018 Increasing Short- and Long-Term Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Apr;116(4):618-29. Abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26297598

13. Janse VAN Rensburg A, Wenhold F. Validity and Reliability of Field Resonance Raman Spectroscopy for Assessing Carotenoid Status. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2016;62(5):317- 321. Abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27928118/

14. Perrone A, Pintaudi AM, Traina A, et al. Raman Spectroscopic Measurements of Dermal Carotenoids in Breast Cancer Operated Patients Provide Evidence for the Positive Impact of a Dietary Regimen Rich in Fruit and Vegetables on Body Oxidative Stress and BC Prognostic Anthropometric Parameters: A Five-Year Study. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:2727403. Full-length article available free of charge at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861805/

15. Aguilar SS, Wengreen HJ, Dew J. Skin Carotenoid Response to a High-Carotenoid Juice in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 Nov;115(11):1771-8. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26254845

16. Norton MC, Clark CJ, Tschanz JT, Hartin P, Fauth EB, Gast JA, Dorsch TE, Wengreen H, Nugent C, Robinson WD, Lefevre M. The design and progress of a multidomain lifestyle intervention to improve brain health in middle-aged persons to reduce later Alzheimer's disease risk: The Gray Matters randomized trial. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions 2015 Jun;1(1):53-62. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2015.05.001

17. Holt EW, Wei EK, Bennett N, Zhang LM. Low skin carotenoid concentration measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy is associated with metabolic syndrome in adults. Nutr Res. 2014 Sep 6. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249018

18. Aguilar SS, Wengreen HJ, Lefevre M, Madden GJ, Gast J. Skin carotenoids: a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake in children. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Aug;114(8):1174-80. Epub 2014 Jun 18. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24951435

19. Jones BA, Madden GJ, Wengreen HJ, Aguilar SS, Desjardins EA. Gamification of dietary decision-making in an elementary-school cafeteria. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 9;9(4):e93872. eCollection 2014. Full-length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3981730/

20. Wengreen HJ, Madden GJ, Aguilar SS, Smits RR, Jones BA. Incentivizing children's fruit and vegetable consumption: results of a United States pilot study of the Food Dudes Program. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2013 Jan-Feb;45(1):54-9. Epub 2012 Nov 21. Abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178042 Updated Apr 2018

21. Ramírez-Vélez R, González-Ruiz K, García S, López-Alban CA, Escudero N, Agredo-Zúñiga RA. Non-invasive assessment of β-carotene levels in the skin of colombian adults. Endocrinol Nutr. 2012 Apr 13. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22503818

22. Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol L. Carotenoid intake and asthma prevalence in Thai children. Pediatr Rep. 2012 Jan 2;4(1):e12. Full-length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3357611/

23. Richer SP, Stiles W, Graham-Hoffman K, Levin M, Ruskin D, Wrobel J, Park DW, Thomas C. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: The Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. Optometry. Nov 2011; 82(11) 667-680. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027699

24. Lima XT, Kimball AB. Skin carotenoid levels in adult patients with psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011 Aug;25(8):945-9. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054574

25. Harpenau LA, Cheema AT, Zingale JA, Chambers DW, Lundergan WP. Effects of nutritional supplementation on periodontal parameters, carotenoid antioxidant levels, and serum Creactive protein. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2011 May;39(5):309-12, 314-8. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21721475

26. Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol L. Effect of fruit and vegetable intake on skin carotenoid detected by non-invasive Raman spectroscopy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006 Aug;89(8):1206-12. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17048431

Book chapters or sections that discuss the Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner and related research:

27. Carotenoids and Retinoids: Molecular Aspects and Health Issues. Gellermann W, Zidichouski JA, Smidt CR, Bernstein PS. Raman Detection of Carotenoids in Human Tissue. In: Packer L, Obermueller-Jevic U, Kraemer K, and Sies H, eds. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 2005: Ch. 6, 86-114.

28. Mahan LK and Escott-Stump S. (Eds.). Krause's Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 12th Ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders 2007; Ch. 15, 427-428. Krause's Food & Nutrition Therapy has been considered one of the most authoritative nutrition texts for over 50 years worldwide. It provides a basic overview of nutrition as well as in-depth information on up-to-date nutrition therapies for medical conditions. Krause's is a text used by students in many allied health programs as well as other disciplines interested in the theoretical and clinical knowledge of the nutrition care process. It is commonly used as a reference for dietitians, nurses, doctors, dentists, life coaches, health educators and child development specialists. Updated Apr 2018

Although Pharmanex owns exclusive rights for use of Raman spectroscopy in for profit settings, other research groups are permitted to develop their own Raman skin carotenoid devices for research purposes. The following studies use Raman spectroscopy to measure skin carotenoid concentrations. The Raman devices used in these studies were not the Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner. The fact that research groups other than Pharmanex have validated Raman measurement of skin carotenoids further confirms the legitimacy of this method. Full-length versions of the following studies can be purchased at the PubMed links provided below (abstracts available free of charge):

29. Conrady CD, Bell JP, Besch BM, Gorusupudi A, Farnsworth K, Ermakov I, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakova M, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Correlations Between Macular, Skin, and Serum Carotenoids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017 Jul 1;58(9):3616-3627. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5520678/

30. Beccarelli LM, Scherr RE, Dharmar M, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W, Jahns L, Linnell JD, Keen CL, Steinberg FM, Young HM, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Using Skin Carotenoids to Assess Dietary Changes in Students After 1 Academic Year of Participating in the Shaping Healthy Choices Program. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2017 Jan;49(1):73-78.e1. Abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28341018

31. Nguyen LM, Scherr RE, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W, Jahns L, Keen CL, Miyamoto S, Steinberg FM, Young HM, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Evaluating the relationship between plasma and skin carotenoids and reported dietary intake in elementary school children to assess fruit and vegetable intake. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2015 Mar 9. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25765187

32. Jahns L, Johnson LK, Mayne ST, Cartmel B, Picklo MJ Sr, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W, Whigham LD. Skin and plasma carotenoid response to a provided intervention diet high in vegetables and fruit: uptake and depletion kinetics. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Sep;100(3):930-7. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008856

33. Darvin ME, Richter H, Ahlberg S, Haag SF, Meinke MC, Le Quintrec D, Doucet O, Lademann J. Influence of sun exposure on the cutaneous collagen/elastin fibers and carotenoids: negative effects can be reduced by application of sunscreen. J Biophotonics. 2014 Mar 18. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639418

34. Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, Rosenberg TD, Gellermann W. Optical detection of carotenoid antioxidants in human bone and surrounding tissue. J Biomed Opt. 2013 Nov 1;18(11):117006. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24213478

35. Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, Bernstein PS, Chan GM, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman based skin carotenoid measurements in newborns and infants. J Biophotonics. 2013 Oct;6(10):793- 802. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193015 Updated Apr 2018

36. Mayne ST, Cartmel B, Scarmo S, Jahns L, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman spectroscopic evaluation of skin carotenoids as a biomarker of carotenoid status for human studies. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2013 Jun 30. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818359/

37. Chan GM, Chan MM, Gellermann W, Ermakov I, Ermakova M, Bhosale P, Bernstein P, Rau C. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and the preterm infant carotenoid status. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 May;56(5):556-9. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4115129/

38. Scarmo S, Cartmel B, Lin H, Leffell DJ, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS, Mayne ST. Single v. multiple measures of skin carotenoids by resonance Raman spectroscopy as a biomarker of usual carotenoid status. Br J Nutr. 2013 Sep;110(5):911-7. Full length article available free of charge at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3696054/

39. Darvin ME, Sandhagen C, Koecher W, Sterry W, Lademann J, Meinke MC. Comparison of two methods for noninvasive determination of carotenoids in human and animal skin: Raman spectroscopy versus reflection spectroscopy. J Biophotonics. 2012 Jan 23. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271669

40. Fluhr JW, Sassning S, Lademann O, Darvin ME, Schanzer S, Kramer A, Richter H, Sterry W, Lademann J. In vivo skin treatment with tissue-tolerable plasma influences skin physiology and antioxidant profile in human stratum corneum. Exp Dermatol. 2012 Feb;21(2):130-4. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142271

41. Scarmo S, Henebery K, Peracchio H, Cartmel B, Lin H, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS, Duffy VB, Mayne ST. Skin carotenoid status measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy as a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake in preschool children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 May;66(5):555-60. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380427/

42. Vierck HB, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Reißhauer A, Baack A, Sterry W, Patzelt A. The influence of endurance exercise on the antioxidative status of human skin. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012 Jan 22. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270481

43. Darvin ME, Fluhr JW, Meinke MC, Zastrow L, Sterry W, Lademann J. Topical beta-carotene protects against infra-red-light-induced free radicals. Exp Dermatol. 2011 Feb;20(2):125-9. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255091

44. Darvin ME, Fluhr JW, Schanzer S, Richter H, Patzelt A, Meinke MC, Zastrow L, Golz K, Doucet O, Sterry W, Lademann J. Dermal carotenoid level and kinetics after topical and systemic administration of antioxidants: enrichment strategies in a controlled in vivo study. J Dermatol Sci. 2011 Oct;64(1):53-8. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763110 Updated Apr 2018

45. Darvin ME, Haag SF, Meinke MC, Sterry W, Lademann J. Determination of the influence of IR radiation on the antioxidative network of the human skin. J Biophotonics. 2011 Jan;4(1-2):21-9. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151398

46. Dayan SH, Arkins JP, Sharma V, Paterson E, Barnes D. A phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a novel nutritional supplement product to promote healthy skin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011 Oct;10(10):1106-14. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21968660

47. Fluhr JW, Caspers P, van der Pol JA, Richter H, Sterry W, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Kinetics of carotenoid distribution in human skin in vivo after exogenous stress: disinfectant and wIRAinduced carotenoid depletion recovers from outside to inside. J Biomed Opt. 2011 Mar;16(3):035002. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21456863

48. Haag SF, Taskoparan B, Darvin ME, Groth N, Lademann J, Sterry W, Meinke MC. Determination of the antioxidative capacity of the skin in vivo using resonance Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Exp Dermatol. 2011 Jun;20(6):483-7. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366704

49. Lademann J, Meinke MC, Sterry W, Darvin ME. Carotenoids in human skin. Exp Dermatol. 2011 May;20(5):377-82. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366698

50. Lademann J, Schanzer S, Meinke M, Sterry W, Darvin ME. Interaction between carotenoids and free radicals in human skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2011;24(5):238-44. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21447993

51. Darvin ME, Haag S, Meinke M, Zastrow L, Sterry W, Lademann J. Radical production by infrared A irradiation in human tissue. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2010;23(1):40-6. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20090407

52. Ermakov IV, Gellermann W. Validation model for Raman based skin carotenoid detection. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Dec 1;504(1):40-9. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678465

53. Meinke MC, Darvin ME, Vollert H, Lademann J. Bioavailability of natural carotenoids in human skin compared to blood. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010 Oct;76(2):269-74. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558286

54. Scarmo S, Cartmel B, Lin H, Leffell DJ, Welch E, Bhosale P, Bernstein PS, Mayne ST. Significant correlations of dermal total carotenoids and dermal lycopene with their respective plasma levels in healthy adults. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Dec 1;504(1):34-9. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957565/

55. Mayne ST, Cartmel B, Scarmo S, Lin H, Leffell DJ, Welch E, Ermakov I, Bhosale P, Bernstein PS, Gellermann W. Noninvasive assessment of dermal carotenoids as a biomarker of fruit and Updated Apr 2018 vegetable intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Oct;92(4):794-800. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133234/

56. Blume-Peytavi U, Rolland A, Darvin ME, Constable A, Pineau I, Voit C, Zappel K, SchäferHesterberg G, Meinke M, Clavez RL, Sterry W, Lademann J. Cutaneous lycopene and betacarotene levels measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy: high reliability and sensitivity to oral lactolycopene deprivation and supplementation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009 Sep;73(1):187-94. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19442725

57. Darvin ME, Fluhr JW, Caspers P, van der Pool A, Richter H, Patzelt A, Sterry W, Lademann J. In vivo distribution of carotenoids in different anatomical locations of human skin: comparative assessment with two different Raman spectroscopy methods. Exp Dermatol. 2009 Dec;18(12):1060-3. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19650865

58. Hesterberg K, Lademann J, Patzelt A, Sterry W, Darvin ME. Raman spectroscopic analysis of the increase of the carotenoid antioxidant concentration in human skin after a 1-week diet with ecological eggs. J Biomed Opt. 2009 Mar-Apr;14(2):024039. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405767

59. Darvin M, Patzelt A, Gehse S, Schanzer S, Benderoth C, Sterry W, Lademann J. Cutaneous concentration of lycopene correlates significantly with the roughness of the skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008 Aug;69(3):943-7. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411044

60. Darvin ME, Patzelt A, Knorr F, Blume-Peytavi U, Sterry W, Lademann J. One-year study on the variation of carotenoid antioxidant substances in living human skin: influence of dietary supplementation and stress factors. J Biomed Opt. 2008 Jul-Aug;13(4):044028. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021355

61. Shao YH, He YH, Ma H, Nan N, Qian LS, Wang SX. [Carotenoid levels measured by resonance Raman in vivo]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2007 Nov;27(11):2258-61. Chinese. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18260408

62. Darwin M, Schanzer S, Teichmann A, Blume-Peytavi U, Sterry W, Lademann J.[Functional food and bioavailability in the target organ skin]. Hautarzt. 2006 Apr;57(4):286, 288-90. German. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16485123

63. Ermakov IV, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakova M, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman detection of carotenoid antioxidants in living human tissue. J Biomed Opt. 2005 Nov-Dec;10(6):064028. Review. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086339/

64. Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, Gellermann W, Lademann J. Noninvasive selective detection of lycopene and beta-carotene in human skin using Raman spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2004 Mar;9(2):332-8. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065899 Updated Apr 2018

65. Gellermann W, Ermakov IV, Scholz TA, Bernstein PS. Noninvasive laser Raman detection of carotenoid antioxidants in skin. Cosmetic Dermatology 2002;15(9):65-68. [no online abstract available]

66. Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, McClane RW, Gellermann W. et al. Resonance Raman detection of carotenoid antioxidants in living human tissues. Optics Letters 2001;26:1179-1181. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18049555

67. Hata TR, Scholz TA, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Khachik F, Gellermann W, Pershing LK. Noninvasive raman spectroscopic detection of carotenoids in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Sep;115(3):441-8. Abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10951281

Raman spectroscopy in the Eye Prior to being adapted for measurements in human skin, Raman resonance was validated for detection of carotenoid concentrations in intact human retinas (an indicator of macular health). Well over a dozen full-length peer-reviewed articles have been published on the use of Raman spectroscopy to detect macular carotenoids. Many of the following full-length articles are available free of charge; all other links provide PubMed abstracts from which full-length articles may be purchased:

68. Bernstein PS, Ahmed F, Liu A, Allman S, Sheng X, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakov I, Gellermann W. Macular Pigment Imaging in AREDS2 Participants: An Ancillary Study of AREDS2 Subjects Enrolled at the Moran Eye Center. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2012 Sep 14;53(10):6178-86. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3444209/

69. Ward MS, Zhao da Y, Bernstein PS. Macular and serum carotenoid concentrations in patients with malabsorption syndromes. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor. 2008 Mar;1(1):12-8. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600549/

70. Sharifzadeh M, Zhao DY, Bernstein PS, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman imaging of macular pigment distributions in the human retina. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2008 Apr;25(4):947-57. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079576/

71. Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, Gellermann W. Simple Raman instrument for in vivo detection of macular pigments. Appl Spectrosc. 2005 Jul;59(7):861-7. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079574/

72. Neelam K, O'Gorman N, Nolan J, O'Donovan O, Wong HB, Au Eong KG, Beatty S. Measurement of Macular Pigment: Raman Spectroscopy versus Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46(3):1023-1032. Full length article available free of charge at: http://www.iovs.org/cgi/reprint/46/3/1023 Updated Apr 2018

73. Ermakov I, Ermakova M, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Macular pigment Raman detector for clinical applications. J Biomed Opt 2004; 9(1):139–48. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086335/

74. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in the living human eye. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004;15;430(2):163-9. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15369814

75. Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Noninvasive detection of macular pigments in the human eye. J Biomed Opt. 2004 Jan-Feb;9(1):75-85. Review. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14715058

76. Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in retinal, choroidal, and macular dystrophies. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121(7):967-72. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860799

77. Gellermann W, Ermakov IV, McClane RW. Raman imaging of human macular pigments. Optics Letters 2002; 27(1):833–835. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007943

78. Gellermann W, Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, McClane RW, Zhao DY, Bernstein PS. In vivo resonant Raman measurement of macular carotenoid pigments in the young and the aging human retina. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2002;19(6):1172-86. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049355

79. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients. Ophthalmology 2002;109(10):1780-7. Full length article available free of charge at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079575/

80. Bernstein PS, Gellermann W. Measurement of carotenoids in the living primate eye using resonance Raman spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol. 2002;196:321-9. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12152212

81. Bernstein PS. New insights into the role of the macular carotenoids in age-related macular degeneration. Resonance Raman studies. Pure and Applied Chemistry 2002;74(8):1419-1425. Full length article available free of charge at: http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7408x1419.pdf

82. Ermakov IG, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonant Raman detection of macular pigments in the living human retina. Optics Letters 2001;26(4):202–204. Abstract at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033547

83. Bernstein PS, Yoshida MD, Katz NB, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Raman detection of macular carotenoid pigments in intact human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Updated Apr 2018 1998;39(11):2003-11. Full length article available free of charge at: http://www.iovs.org/cgi/reprint/39/11/2003

The following are available as abstracts only (with the exception of Wengreen 2010 which is available as a poster). The tool used to measure skin carotenoids was the Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner:

84. Hill E, Clinton S, Grainger E, Belury M, Kopec R, Failla M, Young G, Spees C. Biobehavioral Intervention Improves Dietary Patterns and Biomarkers of Carotenoid and Fatty Acid Intakes in Overweight Cancer Survivors. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Volume 117, Issue 9, Supplement, September 2017, Page A19 October, 2017. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.06.350

85. Braun A, Portner J, Grainger E, Hill E, Young G, Clinton S, Spees C. Electronic Motivational Interviewing Coaching for Overweight Cancer Survivors Improves Health Outcomes. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Volume 117, Issue 9, Supplement, September 2017, Page A23. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.06.243

86. Joyner D, Aguilar S, Madden G, Wengreen H. Associations Between Elementary School Children's Self-Efficacy for Eating Fruits and Vegetables (FV): Observed Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Skin Carotenoid Concentration. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Volume 49, Issue 7, Supplement 1, 2017, Page S24. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.05.290

87. King L, Peterson L, Blackner L, White A, Jorgensen M, Olsen M, Gibbons K, Heap S, James B, Palmer L, Reynolds S, Stacey S, Lyman A, Aguilar S. Skin Carotenoid Levels Related to Overall Health Status. Utah Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Annual Conference, March 2017. Abstract at: https://www.eatrightutah.org/docs/AM17-PostersAbstractHandout.pdf

88. Hill E, Clinton S, Grainger E, Braun A, Moran N, Fitz E, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Failla M, Spees C. Growing Hope: A Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention Increases Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Carotenoid Status in Overweight Cancer Survivors. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. September 2016 Volume 116, Issue 9, Supplement, Page A82. Abstract at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.06.290

89. Hill EB, Clinton SK, Grainger EM, Braun AC, Moran NE, Fitz EA, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Failla ML, Spees CK. Growing Hope: Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention Increases Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Carotenoid Status in Overweight Cancer Survivors. Presented at 13th Annual Russell Klein Nutrition Research Symposium, Ohio State University March 3, 2016. [no online abstract available]

90. Schmitz AM, Grainger EM, Simpson C, Young G, Clinton SK. Validation of a Novel, Targeted Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Carotenoid Intake. Presented at 13th Annual Russell Klein Nutrition Research Symposium, Ohio State University March 3, 2016. [no online abstract available] Updated Apr 2018

91. Wengreen HJ, Nix E. The Effect of Descriptive Social Norms on Skin Carotenoid Scores and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in College Students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Volume 48, Issue 7, Supplement, 2016, Page S98. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2016.04.259

92. Fox J, Wengreen H, Madden G, Aguilar S. Did Prior Participation in Food Dudes Help Kids Eat More Fruits and Vegetables Under the New NSLP Standards? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Volume 47, Issue 4, Supplement, 2015, Page S74. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2015.04.195

93. Ansu V, Aguilar S, Madden G, Wengreen H, Bevan S. Relationships between Children's Fruit and Vegetable Intake at and Away from School. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Volume 115, Issue 9, Supplement, 2015, Page A85. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.06.305

94. Aguilar S, Wengreen HJ, Dew J. The Effects of High-Carotenoid Juice Consumption on Change in Skin Carotenoid Levels Among Children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Volume 46, Issue 4, Supplement, 2014, Page S125. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2014.04.079

95. Wengreen HJ, Madden G, Aguilar SS, Jones MS. Do the New Nutrition Standards Help Students to Consume More Fruits and Vegetables? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Volume 46, Issue 4, Supplement, 2014, Pages S150-S151. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2014.04.140

96. Aguilar S, Wengreen HJ. Lefevre M, Madden G. Skin Carotenoids as a Biomarker of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Volume 45, Issue 4, Supplement, 2013, Pages S66-S67. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2013.04.174

97. Wengreen HJ, Madden G, Aguilar S. A Successful School-Based Approach to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Volume 111, Issue 9, Supplement, 2011, Page A49. Abstract at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.06.173

98. Wengreen H, Aguilar S, Lefevre M. Skin Carotenoids as a Biomarker of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Children. Presented at American Dietetic Association’s Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo. Boston, Ma. November 6-9, 2010. [no online abstract available]

99. Duan L, Lu J, Li G, Zhu JS. Improvement of Skin Carotenoids Antioxidant Scores with G3 Drink and LifePak is affected by Endurance Training Intensity in Young Athletes. FASEB J. 2009 23:1007.3. Abstract at: http://www.fasebj.org/doi/10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.1007.3

100. Wood SM, Mastaloudis A, Carlson J, Zidichouski JA, Holubkov R, Reading J, Stavens S, Askew EW, Morrow JD, Milne GL, Poole SL, Bartlett M. Consistency of correlations of serum and skin carotenoids as measured by high performance liquid chromatography and Raman Updated Apr 2018 spectroscopy. Presented at 15th International Symposium on Carotenoids, Okinawa Japan, June 2008. [no online abstract available]

101.Bi SX, Li CL, Guo HW, Poole SL, Zhu JS. The effects of lifestyles and LifePak on human skin carotenoids scores measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy BioPhotonic Scanner. FASEB Journal 2007;21(4):A709. Abstract at: http://www.fasebj.org/doi/10.1096/fasebj.21.5.A709

102.Carlson J, Stavens S, Holubkav R, Zidichouski J, Mastaloudis A, Smidt CR. and Askew, E. Associations of Antioxidant Status, Oxidative Stress, with Skin Carotenoids Assessed by Raman Spectroscopy (RS). Experimental Biology meeting abstracts. FASEB Journal 20: A824.3; 2006. Abstract at: http://www.fasebj.org/doi/10.1096/fasebj.20.5.A1318-c

103.Li CL, Guo HW, Bi SX, Zhu, ZG, Zhu JS. Skin Carotenoids Measured by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy BioPhotonic Scanner and the Effects of Life Styles and LifePak on Human Carotenoids Nutritional Status and Skin Scores. Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;15(Suppl.):S79. Abstract at: http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/15/vol15apcns/IUNSAPCNS2006_HEC.pdf (see page 92 out of 207 of the linked PDF)

104. Stavens S, Carlson J, Holubkav R, Zidichouski J, Mastaloudis A, Smidt CR. and Askew, E. Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intake with Serum Carotenoids and Skin Carotenoids Measured with Raman Spectroscopy (RS). FASEB Journal 20: A669.4;2006. Abstract at: http://www.fasebj.org/doi/10.1096/fasebj.20.5.A1058-d

105.Zukley LM, Nguyen V, Lowndes J, Smidt C, Angelopoulos TJ, Rippe JM, Effects of antioxidant supplementation on skin and serum carotenoids, FASEB Journal 2006;20:A145. Abstract at: http://www.fasebj.org/doi/10.1096/fasebj.20.4.A145-a

106. Zukley LM, Lowndes J, Greenstone CL, Melton R, Nguyen V, TJ Angelopoulos, Rippe JM. Assessment of The Relationship Between Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Status, Inflammation and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in The Obese. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: May 2005. 37(5); pS385. http://journals.lww.com/acsmmsse/Fulltext/2005/05001/Assessment_Of_The_Relationship_Between_Oxidative.1991.aspx

107.Fiutem J, Zukley L, Geise T, Legowski P, Nguyen V, Dube T, Yount B, Smidt C, Angelopoulos T, Rippe J. Adiposity Negatively Influences Carotenoids and Antioxidant Status in Overweight Individuals. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 36 (5) Supplement S302, 2004. [no online abstract available]

108. Smidt CR, Gellermann W, Zidichouski JA. Non-invasive Raman spectroscopy measurement of human carotenoid status. Pharmanex Research Institute. FASEB 18(4):A480, 2004. [no online abstract available]

109. Zidichouski JA, Poole SL, Gellermann W, Smidt CR. Clinical validation of a novel Raman spectroscopic technology to non-invasively assess carotenoid status in humans. Journal of Am. Coll. Nutr. 2004, 23 (5): p.468. [no online abstract available] Updated Apr 2018

110.Zukley L, Legowski P, Nguyen V, Geise T, Lowndes J, Melanson K, Angelopoulos T, Rippe J. The Effect of Weight Loss on Dietary Carotenoid and Skin Carotenoid Levels in Subjects Participating in a Weight Loss Study. Obesity Research Suppl 2004;12:A57. [no online abstract available]

111. Smidt CR and Shieh D. Non-invasive biophotonic assessment of skin carotenoids as a biomarker of human antioxidant status. FASEB J 2003, 17 (5): A1115. [no online abstract available]